Colon Polyps

Colon polyps are small growths that form on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. Most polyps are benign and cause no symptoms, but some types can develop into colorectal cancer over time if left untreated. Routine screenings such as colonoscopies are the most reliable way to detect and remove them.

Adenomas (precancerous polyps)

The most common type of precancerous polyp is an adenomatous polyp, often called an adenoma. Adenomas are the polyps that most often develop into colorectal cancer; they should be removed to prevent them from growing larger or becoming cancerous.

Sessile serrated polyps (SSAs)

Sessile serrated adenomas (SSAs), also referred to as sessile serrated lesions, are flat polyps that can be difficult to detect during colonoscopy. They are increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to colorectal cancer, particularly cancers that develop quickly or in patients without a previous polyp history. Regular screening is important after SSAs are identified.

Hyperplastic polyps

Hyperplastic polyps are the most common type of serrated polyps and are generally considered benign with a low risk of developing into cancer. The term “hyperplastic” means they develop simply from an overproduction of cells. However, factors such as the size and location of hyperplastic polyps may warrant closer follow-up.

Most colon polyps do not cause symptoms, which is why routine screening is so important. When symptoms do occur, they may include rectal bleeding, blood in the stool, changes in bowel habits, and abdominal pain or cramping. Symptoms are more likely to occur with larger polyps, though they can remain asymptomatic.

The exact cause of colon polyps is not fully understood, but they develop when changes in the genetic instructions of cells lining the colon cause them to grow abnormally. A combination of genetic and lifestyle factors can increase the likelihood of polyp formation.

Risk factors you cannot change

Certain risk factors are outside of your control. These include age (polyps are more common in adults over 45), a personal or family history of colon polyps or colorectal cancer, inherited conditions such as Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and a personal history of inflammatory bowel disease.

Lifestyle risk factors

Lifestyle factors that may increase the risk of developing colon polyps or cancer include obesity, lack of exercise, an unhealthy diet, smoking, and excess alcohol use. Eating low-fat, fiber-rich foods, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight can lower your risk.

When to start colon cancer screening

Current guidelines recommend that adults at average risk begin colorectal cancer screening at age 45. Those with a family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, inherited colon conditions, or inflammatory bowel disease may need to begin screening earlier. Your NYGA physician will recommend a screening schedule based on your personal risk factors.

What size polyp is concerning?

While most colon cancers start as polyps, only 5-10% of all polyps will become cancerous. The size of a polyp typically does make a difference. The larger the polyp becomes, the bigger the risk of it developing into colon cancer. Larger polyps are generally considered advanced and may require earlier follow-up than smaller polyps.

Polyp removal during colonoscopy

During a colonoscopy, polyps can be removed using a process called polypectomy. Depending on the size and location of the polyp, your physician may use biopsy forceps, a snare loop, or other specialized tools. Removing polyps helps prevent them from growing into colorectal cancer.

Pathology results and follow-up

After removal, polyps are sent to a pathology lab to determine their type and whether they contain cancerous or precancerous changes. Your physician will review the results and recommend a follow-up schedule. The timing of your next colonoscopy will depend on the number, size, and type of polyps removed.

You should speak with a gastroenterologist if you experience rectal bleeding, notice blood in your stool, have changes in bowel habits lasting more than a few weeks, or have risk factors for colorectal cancer. Even without symptoms, adults 45 and older should schedule a colonoscopy or another approved screening method. Early detection is the most effective way to prevent colorectal cancer.

At NYGA, our gastroenterologists specialize in colorectal cancer prevention, including the detection and removal of colon polyps. Whether you are due for a screening colonoscopy or have symptoms that require evaluation, schedule an appointment with NYGA today.